Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern

Corrections: Errors that affect the scientific record are corrected through a published Correction (Erratum) notice that is linked to the original article. Minor errors that do not affect the content may be corrected without a notice.

Expressions of Concern: Where an investigation is ongoing or inconclusive, the editors may publish an Expression of Concern.

Retractions: Articles are retracted when there is clear evidence of unreliable findings, plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research or other serious misconduct. Retractions follow the COPE Retraction Guidelines. A retraction notice stating the reason is published and linked to the article. The original article remains online, clearly watermarked as retracted.

Withdrawal: Authors may withdraw a manuscript at any time before acceptance free of charge.