Otitis media is a generic definition for any inflammatory process in the middle ear cavity behind the healthy ear membrane and there are two main types of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (OME). OME can be defined as an inflammatory table characterized by fluid accumulation behind healthy tympanic membrane without concomitant findings of local or systemic acute infection ( 1 – 3 ).

As it is generally seen in childhood, the main challenges in diagnosis are technical difficulties in the physical examination and very young children cannot verbalize their complaints, so symptoms may not be noticeable and reduced hearing may remain hidden. Otomicroscopy, otoscopy, or pneumatic otoscopy are the most important diagnostic methods. Audiological methods are diapazon tests, tympanometry, acoustic reflex, pure sound audiometry, brain stem audiometry, and audio acoustic emissions ( 4 , 5 ). Tympanometry is a useful method in the diagnosis of OME in children aged 2-24 months, but together with younger age, there is reduced sensitivity of the method. Despite the difficulty of use, high-frequency tympanometry should be used in the middle ear evaluation of new borns.Treatment is considered in 3 main groups of conservative, medical and surgical. The treatment modality is determined according to the otoscopic appearance, tympanometry type, response to conservative treatment, and hearing level ( 2 , 6 ).

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) test records the electrical activity occurring as a result of the response of the VIII nerve and brainstem neurons to an auditory stimulus ( 7 ). In the determination of hearing thresholds and the diagnosis of hearing loss and retrocochlear pathologies in the elderly, unconscious patients, and young children, ABR is used, because patient compliance is not required. In these two situations, peak latencies and inter-peak latencies (IPL) of waves forming the response are important. Classically, ABR is formed from 7 peaks seen within the first 10 min but in clinic, the first 5 peaks are of importance ( 8 – 10 ).

This study aimed to compare the clinical ABR results taken pre and post-treatment to determine the effect on the ABR test of effusion in the middle ear in patients with no response to OAE in the neonatal hearing screening who was then diagnosed with OME from clinical examination and tympanometric examination.

In this retrospective study, the records were examined of patients applied with a hearing test in the neonatal hearing screening program in our clinic between January 2015 and June 2017. Of the patients followed up because of the neonatal hearing screening, the files were reviewed of patients diagnosed with OME and applied with clinical ABR before and after treatment. A total of 100 ears of 48 patients (26 male, 22 female) were included for evaluation.

Approval for the study was granted by the Ethic Committee of Sutcu Imam University, Medical Faculty (session no: 2017/04, decision no: 03, dated 15.03.2017). A total of 16 patients were excluded from the study because of a syndrome diagnosis, familial hearing problem, auditory pathway anomaly, or incomplete information. The final evaluation was made of 84 ears of 42 patients (28 males, 14 females). The diagnosis of OME was made from the anamnesis and history of hearing loss with in ear examination with an otoscope (Heine Beta 100 otoscope, Germany) of a matte appearance of the tympanic membrane, vascularisation and air-fluid level behind the membrane, and type B or typeC tympanogram (Interacoustics, AT235, Denmark). When the hearing screening was required, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and transient-evoked oto acoustic emission(TEOAE) otoacoustic emission tests and screening ABR tests (Madsen Capella GN Otometrics, Denmark) were negative. The OME diagnosis was made and to determine hearing thresholds in cases thought to have advanced hearing loss, clinical ABR was applied (Neurosoft, Neuro-Audio, Ivanovo, Russia). After recovery of OME with medical and/or surgical treatment, ABR has applied again. The ABR tests were applied using adhesive electrodes with patient supine on a comfortable bed in a quiet, dark room that would not have any visual stimuli, in the Audiology Laboratory. The negative electrodes were placed on the two mastoid regions, the positive electrode on the vertex and the earth electrode on the forehead. Care was taken the electrode skin impedances were below 5 kΩ. The tests were applied with a click stimulus at a frequency of 27/1s, 100µs alternating. For each ear, at least 2 records were made at the intensities applied and care was taken that the latencies of the waves were consistent with each other. Sedation agents were not used in any child. The tests were applied during natural sleep. The pre and post-treatment ABR latency data of the patients were recorded on a standard data form, then transferred to statistics program and analyzed.

In all the patients who did not pass the OAE tests in the hearing screening program follow-up and who were diagnosed with serious otitis, the latencies of the clinical ABR waves were prolonged before treatment. When evaluated according to gender, the pre to post-treatment difference in latency was greater in males. In the right ear examination of 3 patients and the left ear examination of 4 patients, the otoscopic examination and tympanogram were normal, so OAE was not applied and the hearing thresholds on clinical ABR recovered during follow-up. In 82% of the patients, the middle ear recovered with medical treatment and follow-up, and 18% with surgical treatment. In all the patients surgically applied with grommet tubes, glue-type fluid was aspirated from the middle ear after parasynthesis. One patient had postoperative complaints of otorrhea but recovered in a short time after removal of the tube.

Following treatment of the patients, the right ears of 32 (76.9%) patients and the left ears of 29 (69.04%) patients passed the DPOE test and the hearing thresholds were within the normal limits on clinical ABR. In the OAE tests post-treatment, in 10 (23.8%) patients, the right ear, and in 13(30.95%) patients, the left ear was negative, and a decrease was seen in the hearing thresholds in clinical ABR. Following these results, a hearing aid was recommended. In the results of the clinical ABR applied before OME treatment, a mean 45dB was observed, with the highest 60dB and lowest 40dB in the right ear, and mean 40dB with highest 70dB and lowest 30dB in the left ear. After treatment, these values were highest 50dB, lowest 15dB in the right ear, and highest 60dB, and lowest 40 dB in the left ear. Just as in the decrease in thresholds before and after treatment, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the latencies of the first, third, and fifth 70dB waves and the fifth 50dB and 30dB waves (p<0.05)(Table-1). No significant difference was observed between the pre and post-treatment interpeak latencies (IPL 1-3, IPL 3-5, IPL 1-5). Pre-treatment DPOAE was taken in the right ear of 6 patients (24 could not be taken) and in the left ear of 5 patients (25 could not be taken), and post-treatment could not be taken in the right ear of 4 patients and the left ear of 3. The change in DPOAE from before medical treatment to after was found to be significant in both ears. The clinical ABR threshold values were determined to have significantly reduced post-treatment compared to pre-treatment.

OME is one of the diseases most often seen in childhood that leads to reduced hearing. This is a situation that requires correction and follow-up because of importance of communication, and psychosocial and mental development at this age. Middle ear effusions are seen in 50% of all children in the first year of life and this is something that can very often be overlooked ( 11 ). It is not greatly affected as measurement cannot be made from the external ear canal when there is amniotic fluid, debris, or middle ear fluid in the external ear canal. However, as the stimulus is given from the external auditory canal, if the external and middle ear problem is of a level serious enough to cause hearing loss to develop, then the ABR results are affected with prolonged latency in the first wave ( 12 ). Middle ear dysfunctions prevent the recording of otoacoustic emissions by negatively affecting the pathways traversed until the recording of cochlear emissions on microphones ( 13 ). In the current study, DPOAE and TEOAE could not be taken from OME patients. When the middle ear is full of effusion, compliance is low, and the tympanogram obtained was flat,in other words, type B configuration according to the Jegger definitions. 14 In the determination of OME, a type B curve obtained on tympanometry has been reported to have >80% sensitivity. Thus a type B curve cannot indicate the presence of OME in all conditions. On type A, the presence of OME is discounted as there is only a 5% probability. However, in infants below the age of 7 months, as the external auditory canal is extremely elastic and the tympanic ring has not yet fully developed, a normal tympanogram may be obtained even if OME is present ( 15 , 16 ). In the current study, 3 patients with type A tympanogram and negative OAE were applied with a detailed examination, and OME was diagnosed.Ahigh-frequency tympanogram was used in all cases.

OME is a disease requiring close follow-up and has a high rate of spontaneous resolution. In the diagnosis and follow-up, evaluation is made with the otoscopic, pneumatic otoscopic examination, tympanogram, and OAE together. In cases with a high degree of hearing loss that does not respond to medical treatment, the application of a ventilation tube should be considered( 11 ). In the study, a ventilation tube was applied to 9 patients with high hearing thresholds who did not respond to medical treatment.

The ABR test is the most frequently used objective test that plays a major role in the evaluation of hearing in childhood. Latency is one of the most important data in the determination of the threshold ( 17 ). Previous studies have reported delays in the first, third, and fifth waves and prolonged 3-5 IPL and 1-5 IPL in patients with OME compared to control groups ( 12 , 13 ). In the current study, prolonged wave latencies and IPL values were observed pre-treatment. Evidence has shown that great changes in brain organization occur because of middle ear problems in the early stages of life ( 18 , 19 ). Matschke et al. Reported 39 human brains were studied from the 29 ^th week of pregnancy until the age of 70 years, and it was revealed that the necessary functional maturation of myelinization depended on sufficient stimulus in the first year of life ( 18 ). Physiologically, intervals between prolonged waves are reflected in the slowing down of the rate of central transmission in the inferior brain stem ( 19 ).

In our clinic, to determine the thresholds of all patients diagnosed with OME who have not passed OAE, ABR is applied as soon as possible and thresholds are determined with wave latencies and IPL. Following treatment, if the thresholds are above normal, even at a very mild degree, a hearing aid is recommended for the patient. Those with thresholds within normal limits and latencies above our clinic standards are kept under close follow-up and family therapy is provided. In previous studies, while prolonged first, third, and fifth wave latencies and IPL have been observed in OME patients, there has been reported to be no change in thresholds ( 12 , 13 , 20 ).

In this current study, a significant reduction was observed in the hearing thresholds of all the OME patients after treatment. A limitation of the study can be said to be that because of the low number of patients, there was little variability in the hearing loss of the children with OME. In patients with OME, the lengthening of wave latencies and reduced hearing can cause a negative effect on the hearing system. To avoid a very long follow-up period of infants diagnosed with SOM in the first years of life, prompt treatment should be applied to patients who have not responded to medical treatment, and if the thresholds after treatment are above normal values, a hearing aid should be applied as soon as possible and family therapy should be provided.

Hearing loss is an invisible health problem, and whatever the amount of hearing loss, it leads to delays in speech, cognitive and social development in infants and children. With appropriate early intervention, negative effects of hearing loss can be reduced or eliminated. Therefore, neonatal hearing screening should be applied in the first month, diagnostic examinations of infants that fail the screening should be completed within 3 months for the diagnosis of permanent hearing loss and until the age of 6 months, the infant should be applied with a hearing aid and hearing rehabilitation should be started. If permanent hearing loss is identified and appropriate intervention is made within the first 6 months, there is an increased chance that the infant will reach the same level of speech and language development as those with normal hearing. If OME is also present in infants with hearing loss, it is important that OME treatment is applied and real thresholds are determined before the use of a hearing aid. In addition, it is important for the child’s development that hearing screening is continued according to the risk status of the child during childhood healthcare monitoring (pre-school and school-age).