Aim: Hypoglyceamic effect of Garcinia kola (GK) was evaluated in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Method: Eighteen male wistar albino rats of weights between 158-172g were divided into three groups A- C. Group A was given distilled water (D/W) throughout the experiment; diabetes was induced in group B and C. Group B was given d/w but not GK while group C was treated with GK extract for 21 days. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, 24 hours, 7th, 14th and 21st day for blood glucose evaluation. Results: Mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was significantly higher (P<0.001) after 24 hours diabetes induction with alloxan in groups B and C rats compared to the baseline. Group B showed geometric increase in FBG level and decrease in body weight from 24 hours after diabetes induction to the 21st day of study duration. Group C rats had significantly lower (P<0.001) mean FBG level than Group B rats. Significant difference in body weight was observed among the 3 groups throughout the study periods but for baseline. Conclusion: Treatment of alloxan induced diabetic rats with GK extract lowers blood glucose level and restores weight loss.
Garcinia kolaalloxanglucosediabetes mellitushypoglyceamiahyperglyceamiaFunding information was not reported in the published version of this article.Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the pancreas resulting in disorder of glucose metabolism. Symptoms of diabetes include hyperglycemia, frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients is associated with alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism and modification in liver enzyme levels ( 1
, 2
). Diabetes mellitus has been recognized as a major risk factor for Cardiovascular Diseases ( CVD
), such as atherosclerosis, heart attacks, stroke ( 3
).
Garcinia kola ( also known as bitter kola
) is a species of flowering plant in the Clusiaceae or Guttiferae family. It is found in Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests ( 4
, 5
). Garcinia kola ( GK
) contains sterols, terpenoids, flavenoids, glycosides, pseutannins, saponin, protein and starch. It prevails as a multi-purpose tree crop in the home gardens of southern Nigeria ( 6
). Garcinia kola contains some active principles interfering with insulin metabolism causing reduction in glucose level ( 7
). Kolaviron ( KV
), biflavonoid from garcinia kola has been shown to offer significant antidiabetic and tissues protective effects in diabetic rats ( 8
). Pharmacological effects of Garcinia kola seed Powder (GK) on blood sugar, lipid profile and atherogenic index of diabetic rats have shown to lower blood glucose and improve lipid profile and atherogenic index of diabetic rats. This portrays GK as an antidiabetic, antilipidemic and anti-atherogenic agent with a tremendous potential to protect against coronary heart disease ( 9
). Daily consumption of Garcinia kola has shown to induce hypoglycaemic effect and hepatic damage in Wistar albino rats ( 10
). At the 9th Scientific Congress of Anatomical Society of West Africa, Garcinia kola seed was reported to have elevated blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic rats ( 11
) while Adaramoye et al, ( 12
) at the 7th Pan Arab Conference on Diabetes reported that Garcinia kola seed possess anti-diabetic property. In the midst of these contradicting views concerning the anti-diabetic potential of Garcinia kola, Azu et al, ( 13
) investigated the effects of Garcinia kola seeds on normoglycemic, hyperglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and found out that the extract of the seeds of Garcinia kola produced significant blood glucose-lowering effects in normoglycaemic, hyperglycaemic and in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract was more effective in reducing the blood glucose concentrations of diabetic rats than in reducing the blood glucose concentrations of normoglycaemic rats. Sequel to this, Omage et al, ( 14
) showed that oral administration of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola decreased the levels of blood glucose in normoglycaemic rats.
In adult rats, diabetes is accompanied with loss of body weight ( 15
). Diabetes induction with Streptozotocin (STZ) caused a significant weight loss of rats while treatment with glibenclamide suppressed the decrease in the body weight ( 16
). It has also been shown that STZ-induced diabetes causes a significant reduction in the body weight, ill looking and polydipsia in diabetic rats while the relative weights of kidney and liver were increased and the weight of pancreas was unaffected ( 17
). Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes causes significant loss of body weight in diabetic non-treated rat compared to the control and diabetic treated rat ( 18
).
Despite a good number of standard drugs on the treatment of diabetes, these drugs are fast becoming less effective and some patients becoming resistant and/or non responsive to them. There is a growing public interest in dietary supplements and botanicals that has hypoglycemic property. There is a continuous search for herbal based anti diabetic agents. World Health Organization recommendations on diabetes mellitus, investigations of hypoglycemic agents of plant origin used in traditional medicine are important ( 19
). This study therefore investigates the hypoglycemic effect of Garcinia kola extract and its ability to restore body weight loss in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
Study DesignExperimental animals
Eighteen male wistar albino rats of weights between 158-172g were bought from the animal house of the Faculty of Vertinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka , Enugu State, Nigeria. All rats were allowed free access to water and feed through the period of experiments. The study was conducted in accordance with the recommendation from the declaration of Helsink, on guiding principles in care and use of animals.
Experimental plants
Preparation of Garcinia kola
extract: Dry brown coated seed of Garcinia kola
was bought from a a popular Ogbete Main Market, Enugu Nigeria. The seed was identifiedand authenticated by a taxonomist in the Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.The brown coat was peeled and the seed chopped into smaller pieces, allowed to completely dry in a room temperature. The chopped seed of Garcinia kola
was ground to powdered form and extracted with methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The extract was dried in a hot air oven (40-45 o
C) until semi-solid form. . Two ( 2
) gram of the extract was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water to give 20mg and stored under 40c to minimize the activity of micro-organism.
Treatment of animals
The animals were randomly assigned into three groups of six ( 6
) rats each. Group A designated as normal control; given only rat feed and drinking water ad libitum. Group B designated non-treated diabetic rats (NTDR); given rat feed and drinking water but no Garcinia kola
extract. Group C designated as treated diabetic rats (TDR); placed on Garcinia kola
extract and rat feed. The rat treatment and monitoring continued for 21 days. Baseline mean weights of each group were 171.66±12.58 g, 173.33±20.81 g and 158.50±7.85g respectively. Fasting blood samples were collected from all the rats for basal FBG before treatment of the individual group was commenced. Diabetes was induced in groups Band C with a single intraperitoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg BW) after an overnight fast of 12 hours to make them more susceptible to developing diabetes (Szkudelski, 1998). To confirm the presence of diabetes in the diabetic induced rat, fasting blood samples were collected from all the three groups after 24 hours to confirm diabetes induction. Garcinia kola
extract (1.5 ml/100 g BW) was then administered to group C rats daily for 21 days orally. Groups A and B were administered with an equivalent 1.5 ml of distilled water for the 21 days of the experiment. All the rats were fed equally and continually with rat feed throughout the period of the experiment. Fasting rats were deprived of food for 12 hours only ( overnight
) but were allowed unrestricted access to water.
Blood collection and measurement
Fasting blood samples were collected from the tail vein unto sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (NaF/KO) containers. Plasma was separated immediately and used for the analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG) estimation. Glucose measurement was done with Randox kit utilizing the glucose oxidase method. All reagents are ready-to-use liquids and suitable for use on a wide range of chemistry analysers.
Statistical Analysis
Data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparative analyses between and amongst variables were done using independent sample t-test and analysis of variance ( ANOVA
). A post hoc comparison ( Bonferonni
) test was performed to further ascertain significant differences between means. Statistical significance was set at P <0.05. All statistics were done using SPSS for Windows ( version 16
).
Results
ANOVA indicated no significant differences were observed in glucose level (F =1.72; P>0.05) among the three groups at baseline. In contrast, significant differences were found in glucose level among the 3 groups on day 1 (F=634.59; P<0.0001); day 7 (F=2987.0; P<0.0001); day 14 (F = 7221.11; P<0.0001) and day 21 (F = 5535.90; P<0.0001) due to alloxan-induced diabetes in groups B and C ( Figure-2
). As expected, post-hoc comparative analysis further revealed that groups B and C had significantly higher (P<0.0001) glucose levels compared to group A on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of experiment respectively. Furthermore, significantly lower (P<0.001) mean glucose levels were observed in group C compared to group B on days 7, 14, and 21 but not on day 1. These data suggest that glycemic levels remained unchanged from baseline to end of experiment in control group A; increased from baseline till end of experiment in group B; increased after induction of diabetes but declined after commencement of treatment till end of experimental in group C ( Figure-1
).
Changes in mean and standard deviation of glucose concentration in group A ( normal control
), group B ( diabetic control
) and group C ( diabetic treated
) rats at different study periods/duration.
Figure 1: Changes in mean and standard deviation of glucose concentration in group A (normal control), group B (diabetic control) and group C (diabetic treated) rats at different study periods/duration.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated lack of significant differences in body weight among the 3 groups of rats at baseline (F = 0.91; P>0.05) and on day 1 (F = 3.04; P>0.05) respectively ( Figure-2
).
Changes in mean and standard deviation of weight in group A ( normal control
), group B ( diabetic control
) and group C ( diabetic treated
) rats at different study periods/duration.
Figure 2: Changes in mean and standard deviation of weight in group A (normal control), group B (diabetic control) and group C (diabetic treated) rats at different study periods/duration.
However, significant differences in weight were observed among the 3 groups on day 7 (F=9.15; P<0.05), day 14 (F=15.87; P<0.01) and day 21 (F=20.78; P<0.01) respectively. Post-hoc comparative analysis further indicated that the mean weight of group A was significantly higher (P<0.05 or P<0.01) compared to those of groups B and C respectively on days 7, 14 and 21. In addition, the mean body weight of group B was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to group C on day 21. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in body weight between group B and group C on days 7 and 14 respectively.
Figure-3 indicates that glycemic level declined with increasing period of administration of extract in group C diabetic rats treated with kola extract. ANOVA test indicates significant differences (F=192.56; P<0.0001) in the glucose level across the study periods. Data shows that glucose level 24 hrs after induction of diabetes was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to the intervals of 7days, 14 days and 21 days after administration of extract. The same trend was observed when mean glucose level at 7 days interval was compared with those of 14 and 21 days respectively. In addition mean glucose level after 14 days of treatment with extract was significantly higher than that of 21 days.
Mean glucose level of diabetic rats administered with Garcinia kola extract (Group C) compared among study periods
Figure 3: Mean glucose level of diabetic rats administered with Garcinia kola extract (Group C) compared among study periods
Correlation of mean weight of rats with time in diabetic non-treated rats.
Figure 4: Correlation of mean weight of rats with time in diabetic non-treated rats.
Linear regression analysis indicated significant negative association ( R = -0.921; P<0.05
) between mean weight and duration. This shows that mean weight of diabetic non-treated rats declined with increase in duration of study.
Discussion
Hyperglycemia gives rise to many complications of diabetes. Therapeutic intervention of diabetes is aimed at reducing and/or avoiding constant hyperglycemia using hypoglycemic agents and insulin. Blood glucose level in diabetic rats treated with Garcinia kola
extract was observed to decrease significantly as the study duration increases while the untreated diabetic rats showed geometric increase in blood glucose level with increase in study duration. This shows that Garcinia kola
extract possesses hypoglycemic property.
Our finding agrees with the study of Azu et al, ( 13
) which showed that Garcinia kola
extract significantly lowered blood glucose in alloxan induced diabetic rats. It also agrees with the study of Omage et al ( 14
) in showing the hypoglyceamic effect of Garcinia kola
though the rats were not diabetically induced. The work of Azu et al, ( 13
) differentiated the level of hypoglyceamic effect of Garcinia kola
among normoglycemic, hyperglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and found out that the extract of the seeds of Garcinia kola
produced significant blood glucose-lowering effects in normoglycaemic, hyperglycaemic and in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract was more effective in reducing the blood glucose concentrations of diabetic rats than in reducing the blood glucose concentrations of normoglycaemic rats.
Alloxan causes diabetes in rat by damaging the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas leading to hyperglycaemia ( 20
, 21
). Garcinia kola
seed contains kolaviron which contains biflavonoids. These active compounds are believed to lower blood glucose level in diabetic rats through the following; promotes the transportation of glucose into cells, increases glycolysis by stimulating and activating the glycolytic enzymes, enhance glycogenesis by stimulating and activating glycogenic enzymes, promotes glucose utilization in extra hepatic tissues and/or increase the expression of insulin receptors in the liver plasma membranes. Our findings do not support the study of Thomas et al that Garcinia kola
seed showed elevated blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic rats. The present finding is in agreement with the findings of Udenze et al, ( 9
) which reported that Garcinia kola
is an antidiabetic, antilipidemic and anti-atherogenic agent with a tremendous potential to protect against coronary heart disease.
Alloxan induced diabetes significantly decreases body weight of the diabetic untreated rat as the study duration increase compared with the diabetic treated and normal control rats. Alloxan induced diabetes causes a significant loss in body weight while treatment with Garcinia kola
extract restores the body weight. Diabetes is accompanied with increased glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis and these biochemical activities result in muscles wasting and loss of tissue protein. Garcinia kola
is seen to prevent these changes and thus restore the body weight of the diabetic treated rats. This finding is similar to previous studies ( 15
– 18
) involving the use of glibenclamide in the treatment of diabetes. Daye et al, ( 16
) reported that glibenclamide suppressed the decrease in the body weight and while the suppression of weight loss in our study was achieved using Garcinia kola
extract. This shows that Garcinia kola
has the same function as glibenclamide used in the treatment of diabetes. Just like ( 17
) observed that the diabetic non treated rats looked ill, polydipsia, the relative weights of kidney and liver were increased and the weight of pancreas was unaffected; our diabetic untreated rats showed similar sign of ill looking and polydipsia though their kidney, liver and pancreas were not weighed.
Garcinia kola
extract has shown to be a potential agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and restoration of body weight loss in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
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